Trees and shrubs for the Poconos

Abies balsamea

Balsam fir is found in boreal and northern forests on mountain slopes and glaciated uplands and alluvial flats, peatlands, and swamps in pure, mixed coniferous, and mixed coniferous-deciduous stands; FAC. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in all soil textures, from heavy clay to rocky; tolerates a wide range of soil acidity. Prefers cool, acidic wet-mesic sites, pH 5.1 to 6.0.

Acer negundo

Box-elder is found in moist sites along lakes and streams, on floodplains, and in low-lying wet places; FAC+. Height range is 30 to 50 feet. Grow in a wide variety of soils from gravel to clay but prefers well-drained deep, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils with a medium to rocky texture and a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.

Acer pensylvanicum

Moosewood is found in moist, acid soils in deep valleys and on cool, moist, shaded, north-facing slopes; FACU. Can reach 45 feet. Grow in small forest openings and under thinned overstories in part shade; prefers cool, moist well-drained loam.

Acer rubrum

Red maple (var. rubrum) and Trident red maple (var. trilobum) is found in wet to dry sites in dense woods and in openings in low, rich woods, along the margins of lakes, marshes, and swamps, in hammocks, wet thickets, and on floodplains and stream terraces; also occurs in drier upland woodlands, low-elevation cove forests, dry sandy plains, and on stable dunes. FAC (var rubrum) and FACW+ (var. trilobum). Height range is 40 to 70 feet. Grow in a wide variety of soils; develops best on moist, fertile, loamy soils but also grows in dry, rocky, upland soils.

Acer saccharinum

Silver maple is found in streamside communities and lake fringes, and occasionally in swamps, gullies, and small depressions of slow drainage; FACW. Height range is 50-80 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist soils, but tolerant of poor, dry soils; pH range 4.5 to 7.0.

Acer saccharum

Sugar maple is found in rich, mesic woods and drier upland woods, on level areas or in coves, ravines and other sheltered locations on adjacent lower especially north-facing slopes. Often associated with stream terraces, stream banks, valleys, canyons, ravines, and wooded natural levees and occasionally found on dry rocky hillsides; FACU. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in a wide variety of soils derived from shale, limestone and sandstone, but prefers deep, moist, fertile, well-drained sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silty loam, and loam; also associated with alluvial or calcareous soils. Intolerant of flooded soils and grows poorly on dry, shallow soils. pH 3.7 to 7.3 but prefers pH ranges 5.5 to 7.3.

Acer spicatum

Mountain maple is found in cool woods where the climate is humid and precipitation is year-round; FACU-. Can reach 35 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist cool acidic soil.

Alnus incana ssp. rugosa

Speckled alder is found in moist lowlands, frequently along streams and lakes; common in swamps and the older zones of bogs. Shrub, to 20 feet. Grow in sun to shade in moist rich loam.

Alnus serrulata

Smooth alder or Hazel alder is found in stream banks, ditches, edges of sloughs, swampy fields and bogs, and lakeshores; OBL. Shrub to 20 feet. Grow in sun to shade in moist to wet circumneutral fine sandy loams, peats and mucks. Very flood tolerant. Alders fix nitrogen and thus serve as nutrient-giving pioneers in reclamation projects.

Amelanchier arborea

Shadbush is found in swampy lowlands, dry woods and sandy bluffs, rocky ridges, forest edges, and open woodlands and fields; FAC-. Shrub or small tree to 48 feet. Grow in well-drained silty clay loam and poorly drained silt loams. White flowers in early spring.

Amelanchier canadensis

Shadbush is found in wood borders; moist, upland woods, bogs, and swamps; FAC. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of a somewhat wide range of soils. Often confused in the nursery trade with A. arborea. White flowers in spring.

Amelanchier humilis

Low juneberry is found on dry open ground, rocky bluffs, lakeshores; FACU. Shrub to 20 feet . Grow in sun to part shade in dry acidic sandy loam. White flowers in spring.

Amelanchier laevis

Allegheny serviceberry, or smooth serviceberry is found in thickets, open woods, sheltered slopes, roadside banks and wood margins. Shrub to 45 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in average, mesic sandy loams.. Tolerant of a somewhat wide range of soils, but prefers moist, well-drained loams. Flowers: white in spring.

Amelanchier sanguinea

Roundleaf serviceberry is found on hillsides; upland woods; rocky slopes, barrens. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in dry to moist, rocky, well-drained soil. White flowers in spring.

Amelanchier stolonifera

Low juneberry is found in woods, old fields, fence rows and barrens; FACU. Colonizing shrub to 6 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of a somewhat wide range of soils. White flowers in spring.

Andromeda polifolia var glaucophylla

Bog rosemary is found in acid, wet areas in moist peaty ground; OBL. To 18 inches. Grow in part sun to part shade in acidic moist organic peats, sands and mucks. Pinkish-white flowers in spring.

Aralia spinosa

Devil's walking stick is found in upland and low woods; palustrine wetlands with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils, and savannahs; prefers rich moist soils and is found at edges of streams, and in thickets and shrub bays. Shrub or tree to 32 feet. Grow in part shade in, well-drained, fertile to poor soils. Aggressive spreader via suckers.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. coactilis

Bearberry or kinnikinnick is found in dry, nutrient-poor soils, often in open pine forests during intermediate succession. Prostrate stems. Grow in sun to shade in dry to mesic uncompacted or loose rocky or sandy acidic soil. Intolerant of fertilizer. Pinkish white flowers in early spring.

Aronia arbutifolia

Red chokeberry is found in pine bottomlands; swamps and moist woods; open bogs; FACW. Shrub from 18 inches to 10 feet, depending on habitat. Grow in sun to part sun in moist sandy loam. White flowers in late spring.

Aronia melanocarpa

Black chokeberry is found in swamps, bogs, wet and dry woods, barrens. FAC. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil. Tolerant of wide range of soils, including both dry and boggy soils. Best fruit production occurs in full sun. White flowers in late spring.

Aronia prunifolia

Purple chokeberry is found in low woodlands, ake shores, stream banks, or at interface of marshes or bogs with adjacent uplands on sandy soils. A natural hybrid between Aronia melanocarpa and Aronia arbutifolia; shrub, 8 to 12 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Wide range of soil tolerance including boggy soils. Best fruit production usually occurs in full sun. White flowers in late spring.

Betula alleghaniensis

Yellow birch is found in stream banks, swampy woods, and rich, moist, forested slopes; FAC. Tree to 100 feet. Grow in well-drained fertile loams and moderately well-drained sandy loams.

Betula lenta

Sweet birch is found in rich, moist, cool forests, especially on protected slopes, to rockier, more exposed sites; FACU. Tree to 80 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in dry to moist slightly acidic rich, moist, well drained soil.

Betula nigra

River birch is found on alluvial, particularly clay, soils on lowlands, floodplains, stream banks, and lake margins. Typically on sandbars and new land near streams, inside the natural levee or front. Sometimes found on scattered upland sites. FACW. To 100 feet. Grow in alluvial, clay soils in full sun to part sun with high soil moisture. Soil can be well or poorly drained as long as they are at or near field capacity year round. Can grow in highly acidic (pH less than 4) soils.

Betula papyrifera

Paper birch is found in oist, open, upland forests, especially on rocky slopes, also sometimes in swampy woods; FACU. To 100 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist mineral-organic soil, pH above 5.0; prefers cooler north to northeast aspects, slow drainage and little competition.

Betula populifolia

Gray birch is found in rocky or sandy open woods, moist to somewhat dry slopes, old fields, and waste places; FAC. Tree to 32 feet. Grow in sun to shade in dry to moist, poor soils, wide range of pH.

Carpinus caroliniana

Hornbeam is found in rich deciduous forests along stream banks, on flood plains, and on moist hillsides; FAC. Tree to 30 feet. Grow in average, medium moisture soil in part shade to full shade. Prefers moist, organically rich soils.

Carya cordiformis

Bitternut hickory is found in river flood plains, well-drained hillsides, and limestone glades; FACU+. Tree to 100 feet. Grow in dry to moist rich, loamy or gravelly soil.

Carya glabra

Pignut hickory is found in deep flood plains, well-drained sandy soils, rolling hills and slopes, dry rocky soils, or thin soils on edge of granite outcrops; FACU-. Tree to 100 feet. Grow in light, well-drained, loamy soils derived from a variety of metamorphic and sedimentary parent materials, full sun to part shade.

Carya ovata

Shagbark hickory is found in wet bottomlands, rocky hillsides, and limestone outcrops; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in humusy, rich, moist, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade.

Carya tomentosa

Mockernut hickory is found on moist rocky open woods and slopes; less frequently on alluvial bottomlands, to 100 feet. Grow in a wide variety of moist soils; prefers finely textured, organic sandy loams.

Castanea dentata

American chestnut is found in rich deciduous and mixed forests, particularly with oak. Tree to 20 feet. Very common and forest dominant before dieback due to Chestnut blight. Grow in moist, well-drained loams in full sun. Species plants should not be planted as ornamentals due to susceptibility to blight. Blight-resistant hybrid may be available from the American Chestnut Foundation.

Ceanothus americanus

New Jersey tea is found in dry open plains and prairie-like areas, on sandy or rocky soils in clearings at the edge of woods, shady slopes, on riverbanks or lakeshores, in woodlands, and on hillsides. Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy rocky loam. White flowers in late spring.

Celtis occidentalis

Dogberry is found in rich moist soil along streams, on flood plains, on rock, on wooded hillsides, and in woodlands; FACU. Can reach 110 feet. Grow in moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates part shade. Also tolerates wind, many urban pollutants and a wide range of soil conditions, including both wet, dry and poor soils.

Celtis tenuifolia

Dwarf hackberry is found on shale banks and slopes along streams in open woods, dry wooded hillsides, limestone bluffs. Shrub or small tree to 15 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic to moist humusy, sandy loam.

Cephalanthus occidentalis

Buttonbush is found in swamps, bogs, lake margins, low wet ground; OBL. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist, humusy soils in full sun to part shade. Grows well in wet soils, including flood conditions and shallow standing water. Adapts to a wide range of soils except dry ones.

Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia

Leatherleaf is found in bogs and acidic wetlands, especially at higher elevations. OBL. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in acidic, peaty, moist to wet soils. White flowers in spring.

Chimaphila maculata

Striped prince's pine is found in moist woodlands in undisturbed organic litter of leaves and needles. Shrub 4 to 12 inches. Grow in part shade to shade in dry, acidic sandy loam with leaf or needle litter, pH 4 to 5. White flowers in late summer.

Chimaphila umbellata ssp. cisatlantica

Pipsissewa, or prince's pine is found in upland woods or barrens. Shrub 4 to 12 inches. Grow in part shade to shade in dry, acidic sandy loam. White or pink flowers in late summer.

Clethra alnifolia

Sweet pepperbush is found in low wet woods, bogs and acid swamps in moderate to poorly drained sites, in acid swamps; FAC+. Shrub, 6 to 12 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Adaptive to a wide range of soil, moisture and light conditions. Prefers part shade and consistently moist to wet, acidic soils. Tolerates full shade. pH 4.6 to 6.5. White flowers in summer.

Comptonia peregrina

Sweet-fern is found in dry, sterile, sandy to rocky soils in pinelands or pine barrens, clearings, or edges of woodlots. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers sandy, acidic loams, but tolerates poor soils Tolerates wet conditions and wind, drought and a wide range of soils. Does not transplant well.

Cornus alternifolia

Alternate-leaved dogwood is found in moist woodlands, along forest margins, on stream and swamp borders, and near deep canyon bottoms. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in sandy, well-drained deep soils. White flowers in late spring.

Cornus amomum ssp. amomum

Red willow or Kinnikinik is found in swamps, stream banks, moist woods, fields and thickets; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet. Two local subspecies: amomum and obliqua. Grow in part shade to shade in moist to wet acidic sandy loam. White flowers in late spring.

Cornus florida

Flowering dogwood is found in mesic deciduous woods, on floodplains, slopes, bluffs, and in ravines; FACU. Tree to 30 feet. Grow in varied soils from moist, deep soils to light-textured, well-drained upland soils; prefers coarse to medium-textured acidic soils. White flowers in spring.

Cornus racemosa

Silky dogwood is found in swampy meadows, moist old fields, thickets; FAC-. Shrub 3 to 16 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Tolerates wide range of soil conditions, including both moist and somewhat dry soils, and of city air pollution. White flowers in spring

Cornus rugosa

Round-leaved dogwood is found in well-drained rocky woods and cliffs. Shrub or small tree, 3 to 12 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in dry to mesic sandy acidic loam. White flowers in spring

Cornus sericea

Red-osier dogwood is found in stream banks, swamps, moist fields, thickets; FACW+. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in part shade in moist, circumneutral well-drained soil. Adaptable to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Flowers: white, spring. Also known as Cornus stolonifera.

Corylus americana

American filbert is found in moist to dry open woods and thickets, hillsides, roadsides, fencerows, and waste places; FACU-. To 15 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade; forms thickets if suckers are not removed. White flowers in early spring.

Corylus cornuta

Beaked hazelnut is found in moist to dry roadsides, edges of woods, fencerows, waste places, and thickets, or as understory in open woodlands; FACU-. Shrub to 20 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in acidic, organically rich, medium moisture, well-drained circumneutral soils. Tolerates average garden soils, but not unamended heavy clays.

Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa

Red-fruited hawthorn is found in open woods, fields, roadsides, stream banks. Shrub or small tree to 32 feet. Also known as Crataegus coccinea. Grow in sun to part sun in mesic to moist well drained sandy loam. Tolerates a wide range of soils as long as drainage is good, light shade and some drought, and many urban pollutants. White flowers in late spring.

Crataegus crus-galli

Cockspur hawthorn is found in woods, meadows, roadsides, thickets, especially in dry or rocky places and slopes of low hills in rich soils; FACU. Large shrub or small tree, to 32 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in mesic to moist well drained sandy loam. Tolerates a wide range of soils as long as drainage is good, light shade and some drought, and many urban pollutants. White to pink flowers in late spring.

Crataegus punctata

Dotted hawthorn is found in open, hardwood and conifer-hardwood forests; large shrub or small tee to 40 feet. Grow in sun to shade in dry to moist circumneutral ordinary loams. White, pink, yellow flowers in late spring.

Crataegus rotundifolia

Fireberry hawthorn is found in rocky pastures, open woods, roadsides. Large shrub or small tree to 25 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in mesic to moist sandy loam; drought tolerant. White flowers in early summer.

Diervilla lonicera

Bush-honeysuckle is found on exposed, rocky sites with dry to mesic, well-drained soils. Shrub to 4 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in dry, rocky slightly acidic loam. Red, orange, yellow and purple flowers in summer.

Diospyros virginiana

Persimmon is found in pen woods, floodplains and old fields. seasonally flooded bottomlands, dry ridgetops, abandoned agricultural land; FAC. Can reach 50 feet. Grow in dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Somewhat wide range of soil tolerance, but prefers moist, sandy soils. Drought tolerant. Blooms late spring, edible fruit in the fall.

Dirca palustris

Leatherwood is found in rich deciduous woods and thickets; FAC. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in full sun in moist, deep soils; prefers wet sites; pale yellow flowers in early spring.

Epigaea repens

Trailing-arbutus is found in moist to xeric pine or deciduous forests, clearings, in sandy, rocky, or peaty soil; dry openings, woods, borders and banks. Creeping subshrub, about 6 inches. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry sandy rocky acid loam. White-pink flowers in early spring. Can be difficult to transplant.

Fagus grandifolia

American beech is found in rich woods, deciduous forest and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest; FACU. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in deep, rich, moist but well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Intolerant of wet, poorly drained soils. Often forms thickets or colonies by suckering from the shallow roots.

Fraxinus americana

White ash is found on middle, moderately-moist slopes and dry, cold ridges and mountaintops. FACU. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in deep, well-drained, moist soils with other hardwoods.

Fraxinus nigra

Black ash is found in deciduous, coniferous, and mixed lowland forest types; poorly drained swamps, bogs, woodlands, gullies, depressions, lowlands, foothills, valley flats, and stream and lake shores; FACW. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in moist to wet, deep, fertile, mineral or organic soils.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Green ash is found in riparian areas, floodplains, and swamps, but is also in sites that periodically experience drought conditions; FACW. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in fertile, clay, silt, and/or loam soils that range from poorly to well drained; prefers average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun. Prefers consistently moist, humusy loams.

Gaultheria hispidula

Creeping snowberry is found in wet woods and bogs; FACW. Creeping shrub to 6 inches. Grow in part shade to shade in moist to wet cold humusy to peaty acidic soils, pH 4.0 to 5.0. White flowers in spring

Gaultheria procumbens

Teaberry is found in oak woods or under evergreens; moist sites but tolerates moisture conditions ranging from dry to poorly drained; FACU. Creeping subshrub spreads from rhizomes; 4-8 inches. Grow in part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy, well-drained organic loam. Prefers pH 4.5 to 6.0. White flowers in spring.

Gaylussacia baccata

Black huckleberry is found in dry to wet acidic woods and thickets, esp. with oaks. FACU. Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam. pH 4.0 to 6.0. Flowers: white to pink, early summer; fruit late summer.

Gaylussacia frondosa

Dangleberry is found in dry to wet acidic oak woods and thickets; FAC. To 6 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam, pH 4 to 6.5. Flowers: white to pink, early summer; fruit late summer.

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honey-locust is found in well-drained sites, upland woodlands and borders, old fields, fencerows, stream banks, river floodplains, rich, moist bottomlands, and rocky hillsides, FAC-. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in organically rich, moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of a wide range of soils, wind, high summer heat, drought and saline conditions.

Hamamelis virginiana

Witch-hazel is found on dry woodland slopes, moist woods, bluffs, and high hammocks; FAC-. Can reach 15 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam; prefers rich, deep soils. Yellow flowers in late fall to early winter. The familiar astringent is distilled from the bark of young shoots.

Hydrangea arborescens

Wild hydrangea or sevenbark is found in rich woods; rocky wooded slopes; stream banks and in ravines; FACU. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade. Intolerant of drought. White flowers in summer.

Hypericum prolificum

Shrubby St John's-wort is found in rocky ground, dry wooded slopes, uncultivated fields, gravel bars along streams and in low, moist valleys; FACU. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerates wide range of soils, including dry rocky or sandy soils. Also tolerates some drought. Yellow flowers in early summer.

Ilex montana

Mountain holly is found in cool moist rocky woods, esp. higher elevations along the Allegheny front. Shrub or small tree, to 30 feet. Grow in sun to partial shade; well drained soil. White flowers in spring; fruit in early fall.

Ilex mucronata

Catberry or mountain holly is found in swamps, bogs, moist woods, fens; OBL. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet silty organic loam. White-yellow flowers in spring; fruit in late summer.

Ilex verticillata

Winterberry is found in wet woods, swamps, bogs and moist shores; FACW+. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist acidic organic loam. Tolerates poorly drained soils, including swamps and bogs. Dioecious; only fertilized female flowers will produce the attractive red berries that are the signature of the species.

Juglans cinerea

Butternut is found in rich woods of river terraces and valleys, most frequently in coves, on stream benches and terraces, and on slopes, in the tallus of rock ledges, and on other sites with good drainage; FACU+. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun. Intolerant of shade.

Juglans nigra

Black walnut is found in rich woods on wet bottomlands, dry ridges and slopes. Common on limestone soils; FACU. Can reach 130 feet. Grow in deep, well-drained neutral soils that are moist and fertile.

Juniperus communis

Common juniper is found in dry open woods, slopes, pastures. Low growing, spreading shrub, declining due to deer browsing. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Yellow in early spring. Fruits used to flavor gin.

Juniperus virginiana

Eastern red-cedar is found in upland to low woods, old fields, glades, early successional woods, fencerows, and river swamps; FACU. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in average, dry to moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates a wide range of soils and growing conditions, from swamps to dry rocky glades. Prefers moist soils, but has the best drought resistance of any conifer native to the eastern U. S.

Kalmia angustifolia

Sheep laurel is found in sandy or infertile soil, bogs, old fields, dry woods, barrens. FAC. Can reach 3 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam. pH 4.5 to 6. Rose-pink to crimson flowers in early summer.

Kalmia latifolia

Mountain laurel is found in dry upland sandy, acidic, rocky woods. FACU. To 15 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to mesic humusy sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 6. White to pink in early summer. The state flower of Pennsylvania.

Kalmia polifolia

Bog laurel is found in peaty wetlands and bogs; OBL. Grow in part sun to part shade in wet organic soils and peat; flood tolerant. Purple flowers in summer.

Larix laricina

American larch or tamarack is found in cold, wet to moist, poorly drained sites such as swamps, bogs, and muskegs; also along streams, lakes, swamp borders, and occasionally on upland sites; FACW. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in sun to shad in moist to wet acid soils; intolerant of shade, heat, polluted areas and of dry, shallow chalky soils, but adapts to sites slightly drier than natural habitat.

Ledum groenlandicum

Labrador-tea is found in wetter sites with low subsurface water flow and low nutrients; poorly drained habitats such as boreal forests, open conifer bogs, treeless bogs, wooded swamps, wet barrens, and peatlands; OBL. Shrub to 3 feet. Also known as Rhododendron groenlandicum. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic organic soils, peat and muck. Flood tolerant. White flowers in early summer.

Leiophyllum buxifolium

Sand-myrtle is found in dry, sandy barrens and thin, moist mountain woods; FACU. Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in part shade in moist, acid sandy peaty soil. Does not tolerate drought. Flowers: whitish-pink, late spring to early summer. Possibly extirpated in Pennsylvania.

Leucothoe racemosa

Fetter-bush is found in swamps, moist thickets, shrub-tree bogs, along marshy stream banks, and forest edges. An important shrub species in palustrine wetlands with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils; FACW. Can reach10 feet. Also known as Eubotrys racemosa. Grow in part shade on moist, sandy acidic loam. White to pink flowers in late spring-early summer.

Lindera benzoin

Spicebush is found in moist locations in bottomlands, woods, ravines, valleys and along streams; FACW-. Can reach 10 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Fall color is best in sunny areas. Tolerates full shade, pH 4.5 to 6.5. Yellow flowers in early spring. Leaves used to make a spicy herbal tea.

Linnaea borealis var. americana

Twinflower is found in cool, dry to moist woods, especially coniferous in sandy acidic loam and humus rich swamps and barrens; FAC. Trailing subshrub. Grow in part shade to shade in moist to wet cool acidic humus. Low drought tolerance. pH 4-6. Pinkish-white flowers in spring.

Liriodendron tulipifera

Tuliptree is found in rich woodlands, bluffs, low mountains, and hills; FACU. Can reach 150 feet. Grow in moist, organically rich, well-drained loams in full sun. Tolerates part shade.

Lonicera canadensis

Fly honeysuckle is found in cool, dry to moist woods upland woods, thickets, sometimes along streams, in swamps and fens; FACU. Can reach 5 feet. Part sun to part shade in moist sandy organic loam. Pale yellow flowers in late spring-early summer.

Lonicera villosa

Water-berry is found in bogs, swamps, wet thickets, swamps, treed fens and stream banks. Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist to wet organic loam. Pale yellow flowers in late spring-early summer.

Lyonia ligustrina

Maleberry is found in low, alluvial woods and thickets, wet meadows, bogs, and lakeshores; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy clay organic loam. White flowers in late spring.

Magnolia tripetala

Umbrella-tree is found in rich woods and ravines, mainly in uplands, rarely coastal plain; FACU. Can reach 30 feet. Grow in part shade in most, rich acidic, well drained sandy loam. Large, white flowers in late spring.

Malus coronaria var. coronaria

Sweet crabapple is found in open woods, woodland edges and stream banks. Can reach 35 feet. Grow in part shade in moist, well drained humusy soil. Pinkish-white flowers in spring. Fruit very harsh and acidic.

Myrica gale

Sweet-gale is found in bogs, shallow water of lake and stream edges; OBL. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in wet to moist sandy loam. Yellowish-green flowers in late spring.

Myrica pensylvanica

Bayberry is found in old fields, sand dunes, open woods in dry to moist sterile, sandy soils; FAC. Can reach 6 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in dry to moist sandy clay loam. Prefers moist, peaty or sandy, acidic soils, but tolerates a wide range of soils and growing conditions. Groups of plants need at least one male plant to pollinate female plants for fruit. Yellowish-green flowers in late spring. Fruits have waxy coating used to make bayberry candles.

Nyssa sylvatica

Sourgum or Black gum is found in relatively dry to moist upper and middle slopes and ridgetops, FAC. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, acidic soils. Tolerates poorly-drained soils and can grow in standing water; tolerates some drought and adapts to some dryish soils. Can spread by sucker growth.

Ostrya virginiana

Hop-hornbeam is found in moist, open to forested hillsides to dry upland slopes and ridges, sometimes also on moist, well-drained flood plains; FACU. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade.

Physocarpus opulifolius

Ninebark is found in wet woods, moist cliffs, sandy or rocky stream banks, gravel bars and moist thickets; FACW- . Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained soil. Tolerates wide range of soil conditions. pH 5.1 to 6.5. White to pink flowers in late spring.

Picea mariana

Black spruce is found in peat bogs, bottomlands, dry peatlands, swamps, muskegs and transitional sites between peatlands and uplands; FACU-. To 65 feet. Grow in sun to shade in mesic to wet acidic humusy soils. Shallow root system makes this tree susceptible to wind throw.

Picea rubens

Red spruce is found in cool upland to sub alpine forests in climates with cool, moist summers and cold winters; often found on sites that are unfavorable for other species, such as organic soils overlying rocks in mountainous locales, on steep rocky slopes with thin soils, and in wet bottomlands; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in soils developed from glacial deposits especially from parent materials of unsorted glacial drift and till deposited on the midslopes of hills and mountains with thick mor humus.

Pinus resinosa

Red pine or Norway pine is found on dry slopes and mountaintops and sandy soils in boreal forests; FACU. Can reach 120 feet. Grow in well-drained, dry to moist acidic to neutral soils in full to part sun. Can grow in poor soils.

Pinus rigida

Pitch pine is found in upland or lowland, sterile, dry to boggy acidic forests and barrens; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in dry, thin, infertile, and sandy or gravelly soils, ranging from rapidly draining to swampy limestone and sandstone.

Pinus strobus

Eastern white pine is found in mesic to dry sites ranging from wet bogs and moist stream bottoms to xeric sand plains and rocky ridges, especially on northerly aspects and in coves; FACU. Can reach 130 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun. Prefers full sun, fairly infertile sandy soils, such as well-drained outwash soils, in cool, humid climates with little hardwood competition. Tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions. Intolerant of many air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and ozone.

Pinus virginiana

Virginia pine is found in dry uplands, sterile sandy or shaly barrens, old fields, and lower mountains; barrens slopes and ridgetops. Can reach 48 feet. Grow in full sun in sandy loam; will grow in poor, dry soils including clay.

Platanus occidentalis

Sycamore is found in alluvial soils near streams and lakes and in moist ravines, sometimes on uplands, sometimes on limestone soils, cultivated in parks and gardens and as a street tree; FACW-. Can reach 160 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates light shade. Prefers rich, humusy, consistently moist soils. Generally tolerant of most urban pollutants.

Populus balsamifera

Balsam poplar is found in river floodplains, stream and lake shores, moist depressions, and swamps, but will also grow on drier sites; FACW. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in alluvial gravel, deep sand, clay loam, silt, and silty loam with abundant soil moisture is needed. Stagnant brackish water is intolerable.

Populus grandidentata

Bigtooth aspen is found in floodplains, gently rolling terrain, and the lower slopes of uplands; FACU. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in sands, loamy sands, and light sandy loams above pH 4.0.

Populus tremuloides

Quaking aspen is found in moist upland woods, dry mountainsides, high plateaus, mesas, avalanche chutes, talus slopes, gentle slopes near valley bottoms, alluvial terraces, and along watercourses. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in soils ranging from shallow and rocky to deep loamy sands and heavy clays. Prefers sites that are well drained, loamy, and high in organic matter and nutrients.

Potentilla fruticosa

Shrubby cinquefoil is found in damp rocky ground, usually on limestone; FACW. Can reach 3 feet. Grow in well-drained, reasonably rich soil, but will tolerate clay, rocky, or slightly alkaline soils. Bright yellow flowers, early summer through frost.

Prunus americana

Wild plum is found in riparian areas, but also moist to dry open to wooded prairie ravines, pastures, roadsides, fencerows, ditch banks, and natural drainage areas; FACU. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Grow in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Prevent spreading by removing suckers. White flowers in spring; fruit used to make jams and jellies.

Prunus pensylvanica

Pin cherry is found in areas characterized as water-shedding (rocky ridges, cliffs, dry woods, clearings) or water-receiving (sandy and gravelly banks, shores of rivers and lakes); FACU-. Shrub or tree to 40 feet. Grow in somewhat dry sites and shallow organic layers relatively low in nutrients. Soils very low in moisture may result in a shrub form of pin cherry. White flowers in spring.

Prunus pumila

Sand cherry is found in open habitats with little shade from trees or other shrubs usually along edges of openings or in stands where canopy closure has not occurred. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils, dunes, beaches, and outwash plains. Sites are typically dry and excessively drained. White flowers in spring.

Prunus serotina

Wild black cherry is found in mesic woods and second-growth hardwood forests and old fields especially on the Allegheny Plateau, on nearly all soil types. Prefers middle and lower slopes of eastern and northern exposures than on the dry soils associated with south- or west-facing slopes; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best in moist, fertile loams in full sun. White flowers in spring; fruits used to make wines, jelly.

Prunus virginiana

Choke cherry is found in very acid to moderately alkaline well-drained limestone residuum soil with pH ranging from 3.5 to 7.6, often in oak-pine forests; FACU. Height range is 3 to 20 feet. Found in sun to shade in dry to moist circumneutral limestone-based sandy loam; intolerant of poor drainage and prolonged flooding. White flowers in spring.

Quercus alba

White oak is found in moist to fairly dry, deciduous forests usually on deeper, well-drained loams, also on thin soils on dry upland slopes, sometimes on barrens; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Natural hybrid with Q. prinus is called Saul oak. Grow in rich, moist, acidic, well-drained loams in full sun. Adapts to a wide variety of soil conditions with good drought tolerance.

Quercus bicolor

Swamp white oak is found in low swamp forests, moist slopes, poorly drained uplands; FACW+. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet, acidic soil in full sun.

Quercus coccinea

Scarlet oak is found in poor soils, well-drained uplands, dry slopes, and ridges, occasionally on poorly drained sites. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun. Prefers dry, acidic, sandy soils.

Quercus falcata

Southern red oak is found on dry, upland sites, often on south- and west-facing slopes or on dry ridgetops; FACU-. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in sandy, loamy, or clay soils, most commonly on red clay and glacial soils; does well on calcareous soils.

Quercus ilicifolia

Scrub oak is found in dry thickets and barrens in sandy, rocky, well-drained, nutrient-poor soils. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in dry to mesic, acidic sandy or gravelly soils.

Quercus palustris

Pin oak is found in poorly drained clay soils in bottomlands intermittently flooded during dormancy but not during the growing season, such as clay flats, depressions where water accumulates in winter and clay ridges of first bottoms. Prefers level or near level moist uplands such as glacial till plains; FACW. Grow in average, medium to wet, acidic soils in full sun. Prefers moist loams. Tolerates poorly drained soils. Tolerates some flooding.

Quercus prinoides

Dwarf chestnut oak is found in dry rocky soils such as sandstone or shale outcrops associated with oak pine types. Shrub to 12 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in dry sandy loam.

Quercus prinus

Chestnut oak is found in rocky, xeric upland forest, dry ridges, mixed deciduous forests on shallow soils usually on south and west-facing upper slopes; FACW. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in dry, rocky, infertile soil with a low moisture-holding capacity, although it grows best in rich, well-drained soils along streams; ridge dominance is suggested by its ability to withstand drought.

Quercus rubra

Northern red oak is found on rich mesic slopes and well-drained uplands, occasionally on dry slopes or poorly drained uplands, sandy plains, rock outcrops, and the edges of floodplains, usually on north and east facing slopes. Often found in lower and middle slopes, in coves, ravines and on valley floors; FACU-. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, dry to medium moisture, acidic soil in full sun. Prefers deep fertile, sandy, finely-textured soils, well drained with good drainage and relatively high water table. Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials including glacial outwash, sandstone, shale, limestone, gneiss, schist, or granite.

Quercus stellata

Post oak is found in dry, xeric uplands with southerly or westerly exposure, terraces of smaller streams in well-drained soil, dry gravelly and sandy ridges, dry clays, prairies and limestone hills, woodlands and deciduous forests; UPL. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in rich, moist, acidic, well-drained coarse-textured loams in full sun. Adapts to a wide variety of soil conditions from poor dry sandy soils to moist heavy loams, especially where a heavy clay subsurface layer is within a foot of the surface or bedrock is within two or three feet. Also grows in deep sands and dry clay hills. Prefers acidic soils. Good drought tolerance.

Quercus velutina

Black oak is found on xeric slopes and upland areas, especially with southerly or westerly aspects, occasionally on sandy lowlands and poorly drained uplands and terraces. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in moist, rich, well-drained sites, but sensitive to competition on these sites and is more often found on dry, nutrient-poor, coarse-textured soils, especially sandy or gravelly sites or heavy glacial clay hillsides.

Rhamnus alnifolia

Alder-leaved buckthorn is found in fens, calcareous marshes and wet thickets; OBL Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in moist to wet rich organic loam, full to part sun. Greenish flowers in late spring.

Rhododendron canadense

Rhodora is found in bogs, wet places with infertile, acidic soil, FACW. To 3 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic to wet cold acidic peaty soil. Flowers: rose-purple, spring

Rhododendron maximum

Rosebay is found in dry to moist woods, swamps, stream banks. FAC; to 16 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist acid sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 6. White flowers in early summer

Rhododendron periclymenoides

Pinxter-flower is found in mixed deciduous forests along stream bottoms, bogs, shaded mountain sides, and ravines, FAC. Can reach 10 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained acid soils in cool, moist locations. Best in acidic, humusy, organically rich, medium moisture, moisture-retentive but well-drained soils in part shade pH 4.5 to 5.5. Flowers, white or pink, spring.

Rhododendron periclymenoides x prinophyllum

Azalea is found in woods, thickets, swamp margins. Can reach 10 feet. A natural hybrid. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist acid sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 5.5.White or pink flowers in spring.

Rhododendron prinophyllum

Mountain azalea is found in ry to moist woods thickets, rocky slopes; FAC. Can reach 10 feet. Grow in part shade in rich, humusy, acidic, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade. White to pink flowers in spring.

Rhododendron viscosum

Swamp azalea is found in swamps, bogs, stream margins and thickets; FACW+. Can reach 10 feet. Grow in part shade in moist to wet acidic silty loam. Flood tolerant. White flowers in spring.

Rhus copallina

Shining sumac is found on hillsides and in open woods, glades, fields and along the margins of roadsides. Can reach 20 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils.

Rhus glabra

Smooth sumac is found in open woodlands, prairies, dry rocky hillsides, canyons, and protected ravines. Can reach 15 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils.

Rhus typhina

Staghorn sumac is found in old fields, roadsides, woods edges. Shrub or small tree to 30 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils.

Ribes americanum

Wild black currant is found in moist woods, marshes and thickets; FACW. Can reach6 feet. Grow in sun to shade in moist circumneutral soil. Carries disease that kills white pine. Yellow flowers in spring; fruit: black

Ribes cynosbati

Prickly gooseberry is found in thin, moist rocky woods. Can reach 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in moist rich loam. Yellow flowers; fruit: dull red to purple.

Ribes hirtellum

Northern wild gooseberry is found in moist, rocky woods; cliffs; bogs and fens, Calcareous marshes, swamps; FAC. Shrub, 2-4 feet. Grow in sun to shade in mesic to moist rocky circumneutral soils. Carries disease that kills white pine. Yellow flowers; fruit: dull red.

Ribes lacustre

Bristly black currant is found in mountain streamsides, wet meadows, forests and cool wet woodlands, swamps; FACW. 3 to 4 feet. Grow in sun to shade in mesic to moist rocky circumneutral soils. Carries disease which kills white pine. Green flowers; fruit, black.

Robinia pseudoacacia

Black locust is found in open woods on moist slopes and floodplains with a high probabilty of flooding in any given year, with pH minimum of 4.0; FACU-. Can reach 80 feet. Grow in rich, moist, limestone-derived soils; intolerant of heavy or poorly drained soils, although tolerant of periodic flooding. pH 4.0 to 8.2.

Rosa blanda

Meadow rose is found in dry, open woods, hillsides, prairies, roadsides. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in full sun in dry rocky soils. Pink flowers in early summer.

Rosa carolina

Pasture rose is found in dry, rocky or sandy fields and meadows; UPL. Shrub to 3 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist to wet well-drained sandy soil; best flowering and disease resistance in full sun with good air circulation and mulch. Pink flowers, early summer

Rosa palustris

Swamp rose is found in swamps; wet thickets; marshy shores of streams, ponds and lakes; OBL. Shrub, to 6 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet rich soil. Pink flowers in summer.

Rosa virginiana

Wild rose is found in thickets, meadows, pastures, open woods, usually in a moist soil; FAC. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in dry to mesic rich loam. Pink flowers in summer.

Rubus allegheniensis

Allegheny blackberry is found in old fields, open woods, clearings; FACU. Stems to 6 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 7.5. Flowers: white; fruit, black.

Rubus canadensis

Smooth blackberry is found in cool moist woods, rocky slopes, thickets. Stems 3 to 10 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in moist sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit, black.

Rubus flagellaris

Prickly dewberry is found on rocky or shaly slopes and cliffs, and in fields; FACU. Stems prostrate and rooting at tips. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit, black.

Rubus hispidus

Swamp dewberry is found in bogs, swamps, moist woods, thickets, barrens; FACW. Trailing stems that root at tips. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit, black.

Rubus idaeus var. strigosus

Red raspberry is found in rocky woods, clearings, thickets; FAC-. Stems to 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit, red.

Rubus occidentalis

Black-cap raspberry is found in open woods; bluffs; thickets; stream banks; wet meadows, roadsides and pastures Stems 3 to 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit, black.

Rubus odoratus

Purple-flowering raspberry is found on moist, shaded cliffs, ledges, rocky wooded slopes. Stems 3 to 6 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in mesic sandy loam. Flowers: purple to maroon. Fruit: black.

Salix bebbiana

Long-beaked willow is found in pland deciduous woods, moist to dry thickets and edges; ideally recent deposits of alluvial silts and gravels along waterways or in silted-in, abandoned beaver ponds; FACW-. Shrub or tree to 32 feet. Grow in sun to shade in mesic to moist silty loam. Short-lived and fast-growing. Susceptible to insect, disease, and wind damage.

Salix discolor

Pussy willow is found in wamps and moist or wet woods; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist silty circumneutral loams. Short-lived and fast-growing; cut back heavily every few years to encourage vigorous new growth.

Salix eriocephala

Diamond willow is found on banks of large streams; in flood plains, wet meadows, shores and bottomlands; FACW+. Shrub to 20 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist to wet sandy loam. Short-lived and fast-growing.

Salix exigua

Sandbar willow is found in open to densely-vegetated riparian communities along streams, gravel bars, lakeshores, and ditches; OBL. Shrub or small tree to 30 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet sandy gravelly loam. Excellent for stream stabilization because the plant suckers profusely.

Salix humilis

Upland willow is found in moist barrens and dry thickets; FACU. Shrub to 10 feet. Two local varieties: humilis and tristis. Grow in sun to part sun in mesic to moist loamy or sandy soil. Start new by inserting stems in the ground, where they form roots. More tolerant to drought than other willows.

Salix lucida ssp. lucida

Shining willow is found in wet soils, especially in and along swamps, also in marshes, peat bogs and on sand banks along creeks; FACW. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist to wet circumneutral clayey or silty loam. Prefers poor drainage.

Salix nigra

Black willow is found in river margins on lower, wetter, and often less sandy sites and swamps, sloughs, swales, gullies, and drainage ditches. Not drought tolerant; FACW+. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in fine moist to wet silt or clay, especially in saturated or poorly drained soil from which other hardwoods are excluded with pH above 4.5.

Salix sericea

Silky willow is found in swamps, bogs, stream banks, low woods; OBL. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic sandy or clayey loam.

Sambucus canadensis

American elder is found in woods, fields, stream banks moist fields and swamps; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, humusy soils. Spreads by root suckers to form colonies. White flowers in early summer, purple fruit in late summer.

Sambucus racemosa var. pubens

Red-berried elder is found in stream banks, ravines, swamps, moist forest clearings and higher ground near wetlands; FACU. Shrub to 10 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in moist, well drained humusy soils. Flowers, white, late spring; fruit, red.

Sassafras albidum

Sassafras is found in open woods on moist, well-drained, sandy loam soils, dry ridges and upper slopes, fencerows, old fields (sometimes aggressively colonial), particularly following fire, and disturbed areas; FACU-. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, acidic, sandy-loamy soils. Tolerates dry, sandy soils. Prefers pH 6 to 7.

Sorbus americana

American mountain-ash is found in borders of swamps to rocky hillsides, edges of woods, roadsides, and under semi-open stands; FACU. Can reach 32 feet. Grow in newly-formed mineral-rich soils to shallow and infertile soils in cool, windy, and humid conditions.

Sorbus decora

Showy mountain-ash is found in wet to mesic woods; cool, moist slopes; lake shores; rocky slopes; FAC. Can reach 35 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in moist, circumneutral, poor to well-drained mesic to wet soil.

Spiraea alba

Meadow-sweet is found in wet prairies and river bottom prairies and open ground along streams or lakes, bogs, moist meadows; FACW+. Can reach 6 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic to wet, well-drained soil. Prefers full sun; soil must not be allowed to dry out. White to pink flowers, late summer.

Spiraea tomentosa

Hardhack or Steeplebush is found in meadows, old fields, pastures, bogs and swamps; FACU-. Can reach 3 feet. Grow in sun to part sun in mesic to moist moderately acid soil. White to pink flowers in summer.

Staphylea trifolia

Bladdernut is found in bottomlands, woodland thickets and moist soils along streams FAC. Can reach 15 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in dry to mesic sandy loam, but prefers a moist soil. pH 6.1 to 8. White flowers in late spring.

Taxus canadensis

Canadian yew is found in cool moist rocky slopes or ravines under mixed coniferous (rarely deciduous) forest canopy. Declining because of deer browsing; FAC. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy circumneutral loam. Needs protection from winter sun and wind.

Tilia americana var. americana

Basswood is found in rich uplands on mid-slopes in mixed deciduous forests and occasionally swamps. FACU. To 130 feet. Grow in sandy loams, loams, or silt loams; prefers moist to mesic, finer textured, well-drained. loams. Generally intolerant of air pollution and urban conditions.

Toxicodendron vernix

Poison sumac is found in wet soil of swamps, bogs, seepage slopes, and frequently flooded areas; in shady hardwood forests; OBL. Can reach16 feet. Not a suitable landscape plant. All parts, in all seasons, will cause severe skin irritation if plant sap contacted.

Tsuga canadensis

Canada hemlock is found on moist rocky ridges and hillsides and in cool moist valleys and flats, ravines, especially northern and eastern slopes, and swamp borders if peat and muck soils are shallow, usually above 1,200 feet; FACU. Can reach 100 feet. Grow in average, medium, well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. Prefers acidic cool, moist, humid conditions with good drainage; textures include sandy loams, loamy sands, and silty loams with gravel of glacial origin in the upper profile. Intolerant of drought and should be watered regularly in prolonged dry spells, particularly when young. Best sited in a location protected from strong winds. Currently under attack by Adelges tsugae (wooly adegid), a pest from Japan; once infected, a tree is usually dead within a few years.

Ulmus americana

American elm is found in alluvial woods, swamp forests, deciduous woodlands, fencerows, pastures, old fields, waste areas; planted as street trees; FACW-. Can reach 130 feet. Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of light shade. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. Generally tolerant of urban conditions.

Ulmus rubra

Red elm is found on moist rich soils on lower slopes, alluvial flood plains, stream banks, riverbanks and river terraces, and wooded bottom lands. Can also be found on drier, limestone origin sites; FAC-. Can reach 65 feet. Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of light shade. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. Generally tolerant of urban conditions.

Vaccinium angustifolium

Low sweet blueberry is found in dry woods and barrens, acidic soils; FACU. Can reach 30 inches. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Flowers: white, spring; fruit: dark blue, late summer.

Vaccinium corymbosum

Highbush blueberry is found in dry to wet woods, thickets, stream banks, bogs in acidic soil; FACW-. Can reach 10 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy organic loam. Flowers: white, spring; fruit: dark blue, late summer. Parent plant of almost all hybrid blueberries.

Vaccinium macrocarpon

American cranberry is found in peaty woodlands and seepy places, sphagnum bogs; OBL. Trailing shrub. Grow in sun to part shade in damp, acidic (pH 4.0-5.2), organically rich, well-drained soil in full sun. Flowers: white, spring. Fruit, the familiar cranberry: red.

Vaccinium myrtilloides

Sour-top blueberry is found in wet thickets and barrens; FAC. Shrub to 30 inches. Grow in sun to part shade in moist acidic sandy loam. Flowers: greenish-white, spring; fruit: dark blue.

Vaccinium oxycoccos

Small cranberry is found in bogs, especially in cool areas; OBL. Trailing shrub. Grow in sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic sandy loam. Flowers: white; fruit: red.

Vaccinium pallidum

Lowbush blueberry is found in dry, rocky hillsides, upland ridges, rocky outcrops and ledges, sandy knolls, and in shale barrens, as well as upland swamps. Shrub, to 3 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Flowers, white; fruit: dark blue-purple.

Vaccinium stamineum

Deerberry is found in dry woods, openings, barrens and clearings. FACU. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic sandy clay loam. Flowers: white; fruit: green when ripe.

Viburnum acerifolium

Maple-leaved viburnum is found in upland forests, woodlands, ravine slopes, and hillsides in well-drained, moist soils and is particularly tolerant of acid soils. UPL. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in mesic to moist rich sandy loam. pH 5.1 to 6. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum cassinoides

Witherod is found in swamps; moist, upland woods and clearings; exposed rock crevices; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in full sun to part shade in well-drained moist loams, but tolerates a wide range of soils including boggy ones. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum lantanoides

Hobblebush is found in cool moist woods and ravines; FAC. Shrub to 6 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in moist sandy loam. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum lentago

Nannyberry is found in woods, swamps and thickets with rich, moist soil; FAC. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil; prefers mostly gravelly sandy loam. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

Highbush cranberry is found in swampy woods, bogs, lake margins, pastures, thickets, slopes and moist low places; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet. Also known as Viburnum trilobum. Grow in full sun to part shade in moist to wet circumneutral (but not limestone) well-drained soil. Prefers loams with consistent moisture, but tolerates a wide range of soils. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum prunifolium

Black-haw is found in successional woods, thickets, old fields, roadsides; FACU. Shrub or small tree to 25 feet. Grow in sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Tolerates drought. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum rafinesquianum

Downy arrow-wood is found in rocky woods; old fields; dry slopes and banks. Shrub to 5 feet. Grow in part sun to part shade in dry to mesic rocky sandy loam. White flowers in spring.

Viburnum recognitum

Northern arrow-wood is found in swamps, boggy woods, wet pastures, stream banks; FACW-. Shrub to 15 feet. Grow in part shade to shade in moist, humusy well drained acidic loam. White flowers in spring.

Species that appear to be unavailable

Amelanchier bartramiana (Mountain juneberry)

Amelanchier intermedia (Shadbush)

Amelanchier obovalis (Coastal juneberry)

Crataegus flabellata (Fanleaf hawthorn)

Crataegus intricata (Biltmore hawthorn)

Crataegus pruinosa (Frosted hawthorn)

Ilex beadlei (Mountain holly)

Ilex laevigata (Smooth winterberry)

Quercus prinoides (Dwarf chestnut oak)

Rhamnus alnifolia (Alder-leaved buckthorn)

Ribes americanum (Wild black currant)

Ribes glandulosum (Skunk currant)

Ribes rotundifolium (Wild gooseberry)

Rubus enslenii (Southern dewberry)

Rubus pensilvanicus (Blackberry)

Rubus pubescens (Dwarf blackberry)

Rubus recurvicaulis (Dewberry)

Rubus setosus (Bristly blackberry)

Salix candida (Hoary willow)

Spiraea alba x latifolia (Meadow-sweet)