Native trees, shrubs - northeastern Pennsylvania

Abies balsamea

Balsam fir - boreal and northern forests on mountain slopes, glaciated uplands and alluvial flats, peatlands, and swamps in pure, mixed coniferous, and mixed coniferous-deciduous stands; FAC. Grows to 65 feet; all soil textures from heavy clay to rocky; tolerates a wide range of soil acidity. Prefers cool, acidic wet-mesic sites, pH 5.1 to 6.0. Commonly available.

Acer negundo

Box-elder - moist sites along lakes and streams, on floodplains and in low-lying wet places; FAC+. Grows 30 to 50 feet; wide variety of soils from gravel to clay but prefers well-drained deep, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils with a medium to rocky texture and a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Commonly available.

Acer pensylvanicum

Moosewood - moist, acid soils in deep valleys and on cool, moist, shaded, north-facing slopes; FACU. Grows to 45 feet; small forest openings and under thinned overstories in part shade; prefers cool, moist well-drained loam. Several sources.

Acer rubrum

Red maple (var. rubrum) and Trident red maple (var. trilobum) - wet to dry sites in dense woods and in openings in low, rich woods, along the margins of lakes, marshes, and swamps, in hammocks, wet thickets, and on floodplains and stream terraces; also occurs in drier upland woodlands, low-elevation cove forests, dry sandy plains, and on stable dunes. FAC (var rubrum) and FACW+ (var. trilobum). Grows 40 to 70 feet; wide variety of soils; develops best on moist, fertile, loamy soils but also dry, rocky, upland soils. Commonly available.

Acer saccharinum

Silver maple - streamside communities and lake fringes, and occasionally in swamps, gullies, and small depressions of slow drainage; FACW. Grows 50-80 feet; average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist soils, but tolerant of poor dry soils; pH range 4.5 to 7.0. Commonly available.

Acer saccharum

Sugar maple - rich, mesic woods and drier upland woods, on level areas or in coves, ravines and other sheltered locations on adjacent lower especially north-facing slopes. Often associated with stream terraces, stream banks, valleys, canyons, ravines, and wooded natural levees; occasionally found on dry rocky hillsides; FACU. Grows to 80 feet; wide variety of soils derived from shale, limestone and sandstone, but prefers deep, moist, fertile, well-drained sandy to silty loam; also associated with alluvial or calcareous soils. Intolerant of flooded soils and grows poorly on dry, shallow soils; pH 3.7 to 7.3 but prefers pH ranges 5.5 to 7.3. Commonly available.

Acer spicatum

Mountain maple - cool woods where the climate is humid and precipitation is year-round; FACU-. Grows to 35 feet; sun to part shade in moist cool acidic soil. Very few sources.

Alnus incana ssp. rugosa

Speckled alder - moist lowlands, frequently along streams and lakes; common in swamps and the older zones of bogs. Shrub to 20 feet; sun to shade in moist rich loam. Very few sources.

Alnus serrulata

Smooth alder or Hazel alder - stream banks, ditches, edges of sloughs, swampy fields and bogs, and lakeshores; OBL. Shrub to 20 feet; sun to shade in moist to wet circumneutral fine sandy loams, peats and mucks. Very flood tolerant. Alders fix nitrogen and thus serve as nutrient-giving pioneers in reclamation projects. Very few sources.

Amelanchier arborea

Shadbush - swampy lowlands, dry open woodlands and sandy bluffs, rocky ridges, forest edges and fields; FAC-. Shrub or small tree to 48 feet; well-drained silty clay loam and poorly drained silt loams. White flowers in early spring. Very few sources.

Amelanchier canadensis

Shadbush - moist upland woods and edges, bogs, and swamps; FAC. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet; average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of a somewhat wide range of soils. Often confused in the nursery trade with A. arborea. White flowers in spring. Commonly available.

Amelanchier humilis

Low juneberry is found on dry open ground, rocky bluffs and lakeshores; FACU. Shrub to 20 feet; sun to part shade in dry acidic sandy loam. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Amelanchier laevis

Allegheny serviceberry, or smooth serviceberry - thickets, open woods, sheltered slopes, roadside banks and wood margins. Shrub to 45 feet; full sun to part shade in average, mesic sandy loams. Tolerant of a wide range of soils, but prefers moist, well-drained loams. White flowers in spring. Commonly available.

Amelanchier sanguinea

Roundleaf serviceberry is found on hillsides; upland woods; rocky slopes, barrens. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet; sun to part shade in dry to moist, rocky, well-drained soil. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Amelanchier stolonifera

Low juneberry - woods, old fields, fence rows and barrens; FACU. Colonizing shrub to 6 feet; full sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of a wide range of soils. White flowers in spring. Several sources.

Andromeda polifolia var glaucophylla

Bog rosemary - moist to wet acidic peaty ground; OBL. To 18 inches.; part sun to part shade in acidic moist organic peats, sands and mucks. Pinkish-white flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Aralia spinosa

Devil's walking stick - upland and low woods, thickets, stream edges, palustrine wetlands and savannahs; prefers sites with deep, acidic, sandy peat soils. Shrub or tree to 32 feet; part shade in well-drained fertile to poor soils. Aggressive spreader via suckers. Several sources.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. coactilis

Bearberry or kinnikinnick - dry nutrient-poor soils, often in open pine forests during intermediate succession. Prostrate stems.; sun to shade in dry to mesic uncompacted or loose rocky or sandy acidic soil. Intolerant of fertilizer. Pinkish white flowers in early spring. Commonly available.

Aronia arbutifolia

Red chokeberry - pine bottomlands; swamps and moist woods; open bogs; FACW. Shrub from 18 inches to 10 feet, depending on habitat.; sun to part sun in moist sandy loam. White flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Aronia melanocarpa

Black chokeberry - swamps, bogs, wet and dry woods, barrens. FAC. Shrub to 10 feet; sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil. Tolerant of wide range of soils, including both dry and boggy soils. Best fruit production occurs in full sun. White flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Aronia prunifolia

Purple chokeberry - low woodlands, lake shores, stream banks, or at interface of marshes or bogs with adjacent uplands on sandy soils. A natural hybrid between Aronia melanocarpa and Aronia arbutifolia; shrub, 8 to 12 feet; average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Wide range of soil tolerance including boggy soils. Best fruit production usually occurs in full sun. White flowers in late spring. Very few sources.

Betula alleghaniensis

Yellow birch - stream banks, swampy woods, and rich, moist, forested slopes; FAC. Grows to 100 feet; well-drained fertile loams and moderately well-drained sandy loams. Several sources.

Betula lenta

Sweet birch - rich, moist, cool forests, especially on protected slopes, to rockier, more exposed sites; FACU. Grows to 80 feet; part shade to shade in dry to moist slightly acidic rich, moist, well drained soil. Several sources.

Betula nigra

River birch - alluvial, often clay, soils on lowlands, floodplains, stream banks, and lake margins. Typically on sandbars and new land near streams, inside natural levees or fronts. Sometimes found on scattered upland sites, FACW. Grows to 100 feet; alluvial, clay soils in full sun to part sun with high soil moisture. Soil can be well or poorly drained as long as it is at or near field capacity year round. Can grow in highly acidic (pH less than 4) soils. Commonly available.

Betula papyrifera

Paper birch - moist open upland forests, especially on rocky slopes, and sometimes in swampy woods; FACU. Grows to 100 feet; sun to part sun in moist mineral-organic soil, pH above 5.0; prefers cooler north to northeast facing slopes with slow drainage and little competition. Commonly available.

Betula populifolia

Gray birch - rocky or sandy open woods, moist to somewhat dry slopes, old fields, and waste places; FAC. Grows to 32 feet; sun to shade in dry to moist, poor soils, wide range of pH. Very few sources.

Carpinus caroliniana

Hornbeam - rich, deciduous forests along stream banks, on flood plains, and on moist hillsides; FAC. Tree to 30 feet; average, medium moisture soil in part shade to full shade. Prefers moist, organically rich soils. Commonly available.

Carya cordiformis

Bitternut hickory - river flood plains, well-drained hillsides and limestone glades; FACU+. Grows to 100 feet; dry to moist rich, loamy or gravelly soil. Very few sources.

Carya glabra

Pignut hickory - deep flood plains, well-drained sandy soils, rolling hills and slopes, dry rocky soils, or thin soils on edge of granite outcrops; FACU-. Grows to 100 feet; light, well-drained, loamy soils derived from a variety of sedimentary or metamorphic parent material in full sun to part shade. Very few sources.

Carya ovata

Shagbark hickory - wet bottomlands, rocky hillsides, and limestone outcrops; FACU. Grows to 100 feet; humusy, rich, moist, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade. Commonly available.

Carya tomentosa

Mockernut hickory - moist rocky open woods and slopes; less common on alluvial bottomlands. Grows to 100 feet; wide variety of moist soils; prefers finely textured, organic sandy loams. Very few sources.

Castanea dentata

American chestnut - rich deciduous and mixed forests, particularly with oak. Tree to 20 feet; moist, well-drained loams in full sun. . Formerly very common and a forest dominant before dieback due to chestnut blight, imported from the far east with Chinese chestnut species. Rarely lives longer than 15 to 20 years. Blight-resistant hybrid may be available from the American Chestnut Foundation. Several sources.

Ceanothus americanus

New Jersey tea - dry open plains and prairie-like areas, on sandy or rocky soils in woodland clearings, edges and slopes, on riverbanks or lakeshores. Shrub to 3 feet; sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy rocky loam. White flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Celtis occidentalis

Dogberry - rich moist soil along streams, on flood plains and rocky wooded hillsides and woodlands; FACU. Grows to 110 feet; prefers moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates part shade, wind, many urban pollutants and a wide range of soil conditions, including both wet, dry and poor soils. Commonly available.

Celtis tenuifolia

Dwarf hackberry - shale banks and slopes along streams in open woods, dry wooded hillsides and limestone bluffs. Shrub or small tree grows to 15 feet; sun to part shade in mesic to moist humusy, sandy loam. Very few sources.

Cephalanthus occidentalis

Buttonbush - swamps, bogs, lake margins and low wet ground; OBL. Shrub to 10 feet; sun to part shade in moist, humusy soils in full sun to part shade. Grows well in wet soils, including flood conditions and shallow standing water. Adapts to a wide range of soils except dry ones. Commonly available.

Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia

Leatherleaf - bogs and acidic wetlands, especially at higher elevations. OBL. Shrub to 5 feet; sun to part shade in acidic, peaty, moist to wet soils. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Chimaphila maculata

Striped prince's pine - moist woodlands in undisturbed organic litter of leaves and especially conifer needles. Subshrub, 4 to 12 inches; part shade to shade in dry, acidic sandy loam with leaf or needle litter, pH 4 to 5. White flowers in late summer. Very few sources.

Chimaphila umbellata ssp. cisatlantica

Pipsissewa, or prince's pine - upland woods and barrens. Subshrub 4 to 12 inches; part shade to shade in dry, acidic sandy loam. White or pink flowers in late summer. Very few sources.

Clethra alnifolia

Sweet pepperbush - low wet woods, bogs and acidic swamps in moderately to poorly drained sites; FAC+. Shrub, 6 to 12 feet; average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Adaptive to a wide range of soil, moisture and light conditions. Prefers part shade and consistently moist to wet, acidic soils. Tolerates full shade. pH 4.6 to 6.5. White flowers in summer. Commonly available.

Comptonia peregrina

Sweet-fern - dry, sterile, sandy to rocky soils in pinelands or pine barrens, clearings, or woodlot edges. Shrub to 5 feet; sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers sandy, acidic loams, but tolerates poor soils. Spreads to form colonies. Tolerates wet conditions and wind, drought and a wide range of soils. Does not transplant well. Commonly available.

Cornus alternifolia

Alternate-leaved dogwood - moist woodlands, forest margins, stream and swamp borders, and near deep canyon bottoms. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet; sun to part shade in sandy, well-drained deep soils. White flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Cornus amomum ssp. amomum

Red willow or Kinnikinik - swamps, stream banks, moist woods, fields and thickets; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet. Two local subspecies: amomum and obliqua.; part shade to shade in moist to wet acidic sandy loam. White flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Cornus florida

Flowering dogwood - mesic deciduous woods, on floodplains, slopes, bluffs, and in ravines; FACU. Tree to 30 feet; varied soils from moist, deep soils to light-textured, well-drained upland soils; prefers coarse to medium-textured acidic soils. White flowers in spring. Commonly available and found at most better garden centers.

Cornus racemosa

Silky dogwood - swampy meadows, moist old fields, thickets; FAC-. Shrub 3 to 16 feet; sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Tolerates wide range of soil conditions, including both moist and somewhat dry soils, and of city air pollution. White flowers in spring. Commonly available.

Cornus rugosa

Round-leaved dogwood - well-drained rocky woods and cliffs. Shrub or small tree, 3 to 12 feet; part shade to shade in dry to mesic sandy acidic loam. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Cornus sericea

Red-osier dogwood - stream banks, swamps, moist fields, thickets; FACW+. Shrub to 10 feet; part shade in moist, circumneutral well-drained soil. Adaptable to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. White flowers in spring. Also known as Cornus stolonifera. Commonly available.

Corylus americana

American filbert - moist to dry open woods, thickets, hillsides, roadsides, fencerows, and waste places; FACU-. Grows to 15 feet; average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade; forms thickets if suckers are not removed. White flowers in early spring. Commonly available.

Corylus cornuta

Beaked hazelnut - moist to dry roadsides, woodland edges, thickets, fencerows, sometimes as an understory in open woodlands; FACU-. Shrub to 20 feet; full sun to part shade in organically rich, medium moisture, well-drained circumneutral soils. Tolerates average garden soils, but not unamended heavy clays. Several sources.

Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa

Red-fruited hawthorn - open woods, fields, roadsides and stream banks. Shrub or small tree to 32 feet; sun to part sun in mesic to moist well drained sandy loam. Tolerates a wide range of soils as long as drainage is good, light shade and some drought, and many urban pollutants. White flowers in late spring. Also known as Crataegus coccinea. Very few sources.

Crataegus crus-galli

Cockspur hawthorn - woods, meadows, roadsides, thickets, especially in dry or rocky places, and slopes of low hills in rich soils; FACU. Large shrub or small tree grows to 32 feet; sun to part sun in mesic to moist well drained sandy loam. Tolerates a wide range of well drained soils, light shade, some drought and many urban pollutants. White to pink flowers in late spring. Commonly available.

Crataegus punctata

Dotted hawthorn - open hardwood and conifer-hardwood forests. Large shrub or small tree to 40 feet; sun to shade in dry to moist circumneutral ordinary loams. White, pink, yellow flowers in late spring. Very few sources.

Crataegus rotundifolia

Fireberry hawthorn - rocky pastures, open woodlands and edges. Large shrub or small tree to 25 feet; sun to part sun in mesic to moist sandy loam; drought tolerant. White flowers in early summer. Very few sources.

Diervilla lonicera

Bush-honeysuckle - typically on exposed rocky sites with dry to mesic well-drained soil. Shrub to 4 feet; part shade to shade in dry, rocky slightly acidic loam. Red, orange, yellow and purple flowers in summer. Commonly available.

Diospyros virginiana

Persimmon - open woods, floodplains and old fields, seasonally flooded bottomlands, dry ridgetops and abandoned agricultural land; FAC. Grows to 50 feet; dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Wide range of soil tolerance, but prefers moist, sandy soils. Drought tolerant. Blooms late spring, edible fruit in the fall. Commonly available.

Dirca palustris

Leatherwood - rich deciduous woods and thickets; FAC. Shrub to 5 feet; full sun in moist, deep soils; prefers wet sites; pale yellow flowers in early spring. Very few sources.

Epigaea repens

Trailing-arbutus - moist to xeric pine or deciduous forests, clearings and edges, in sandy, rocky, or peaty soil; borders and banks. Creeping subshrub, about 6 inches, with white-pink flowers in early spring; part sun to part shade in dry sandy rocky acid loam. Can be difficult to transplant. Very few sources.

Fagus grandifolia

American beech - rich deciduous and mixed-conifer forest; FACU. Grows to 80 feet; deep, rich, moist but well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Intolerant of wet, poorly drained soils. Often forms thickets or colonies by suckering from the shallow roots. Commonly available.

Fraxinus americana

White ash - middle, moderately-moist slopes and dry, cold ridges and mountaintops; FACU. Grows to 80 feet; deep, well-drained, moist soils with other hardwoods. Commonly available.

Fraxinus nigra

Black ash - deciduous, coniferous, and mixed lowland forests, poorly drained swamps, bogs, gullies, depressions, valley flats, and stream and lake shores; FACW. Grows to 80 feet; moist to wet, deep, fertile, mineral or organic soils. Several sources.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Green ash - riparian areas such as floodplains and swamps, but is also in sites that periodically experience drought; FACW. Grows to 80 feet; fertile, clay, silt, and/or loam soils that range from poorly to well drained; prefers constantly moist, humusy, well-drained soils in full sun. Commonly available.

Gaultheria hispidula

Creeping snowberry - wet woods and bogs; FACW. Creeping shrub to 6 inches.; part shade to shade in moist to wet cold humusy to peaty acidic soils, pH 4.0 to 5.0. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Gaultheria procumbens

Teaberry - oak woods or under evergreens; moist sites but tolerates moisture conditions ranging from dry to poorly drained; FACU. Creeping subshrub spreads from rhizomes; 4-8 inches with white flowers in spring; part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy, well-drained organic loam. Prefers pH 4.5 to 6.0. Commonly available.

Gaylussacia baccata

Black huckleberry - dry to wet acidic woods and thickets, often among oaks; FACU. Shrub to 3 feet with white to pink flowers in early summer and fruit in late summer; part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam. pH 4.0 to 6.0. Very few sources.

Gaylussacia frondosa

Dangleberry - dry to wet acidic oak woods and thickets; FAC. Grows to 6 feet, with white to pink flowers in early summer and fruit in late summer; part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam, pH 4.0 to 6.5. Very few sources.

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honey-locust - well-drained upland woodlands and borders, rocky hillsides, old fields, fencerows and rich moist stream banks, bottomlands and floodplains, FAC-. Grows to 65 feet; organically rich, moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of a wide range of soils, wind, high summer heat, drought and saline conditions. Several sources.

Hamamelis virginiana

Witch-hazel - dry to moist woodlands, slopes, bluffs, and high hammocks; FAC-. Grows to 15 feet with yellow flowers in late fall to early winter; part shade to shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam; prefers rich, deep soils. The familiar astringent is distilled from the bark of young shoots. Among the most widespread shrubs in the region. Commonly available.

Hydrangea arborescens

Wild hydrangea or sevenbark - rich woods; rocky wooded slopes; stream banks and ravines; FACU. Shrub to 6 feet with white flowers in summer; average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade. Intolerant of drought. Several sources.

Hypericum prolificum

Shrubby St John's-wort - rocky ground, dry wooded slopes, uncultivated fields, gravel bars along streams and in low, moist valleys; FACU. Shrub to 6 feet with yellow flowers in early summer; average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerates wide range of soils, including dry rocky or sandy soils. Also tolerates some drought. Several sources.

Ilex montana

Mountain holly - cool moist rocky woods, usually at higher elevations along the Allegheny front. Shrub or small tree, grows to 30 feet with white flowers in spring and fruit in early fall; sun to partial shade; well drained soil. Very few sources.

Ilex mucronata

Catberry or mountain holly - swamps, bogs, moist woods, fens; OBL. Shrub to 10 feet with white-yellow floers in spring and fruit in late summer; sun to part shade in moist to wet silty organic loam. Very few sources.

Ilex verticillata

Winterberry - wet woods, swamps, bogs and moist shores; FACW+. Shrub to 15 feet; sun to part shade in moist acidic organic loam. Tolerates poorly drained soils, including swamps and bogs. Dioecious; only fertilized female flowers will produce the attractive red berries that are the signature of the species. Commonly available.

Juglans cinerea

Butternut - rich woods of river terraces and valleys, especially in coves, on stream benches and terraces and on slopes, in the talus of rock ledges, and on other sites with good drainage; FACU+. Grows to 100 feet; moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun. Intolerant of shade. Commonly available.

Juglans nigra

Black walnut - rich woods on wet bottomlands, dry ridges and slopes. Common on limestone soils; FACU. Grows to 130 feet; deep, well-drained neutral soils that are moist and fertile. Commonly available.

Juniperus communis

Common juniper - dry open woods, slopes, pastures. Low growing, spreading shrub, with yellow flowers in early spring; part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Declining due to deer browsing. Fruits used to flavor gin. Several sources.

Juniperus virginiana

Eastern red-cedar - upland to low - especially early successional - woodlands, old fields and fence rows, glades and river swamps; FACU. Grows to 65 feet; average, dry to moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates a wide range of soils and growing conditions. Prefers moist soils, but has the best drought resistance of any conifer native to the eastern U. S. Commonly available.

Kalmia angustifolia

Sheep laurel - sandy or infertile soil, bogs, old fields, dry woods, barrens. FAC. Grows to 3 feet with rose-pink to crimson flowers in early summer; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy organic loam. pH 4.5 to 6. Very few sources.

Kalmia latifolia

Mountain laurel - dry upland sandy, acidic, rocky woods. FACU. Grows to 15 feet with white to pink flowers in early summer; part sun to part shade in dry to mesic humusy sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 6. Very slow growing. The state flower of Pennsylvania. Commonly available; resist the temptation to transplant from the wild, because root systems are long and thin in all but the smallest plants.

Kalmia polifolia

Bog laurel - peaty wetlands and bogs; OBL; Grows 6 to 36 inches with lavender flowers in summer; part sun to part shade in wet organic soils and peat; flood tolerant. Very few sources.

Larix laricina

American larch or tamarack - cold, wet to moist, poorly drained swamps, bogs, and muskegs; also along streams, lakes, swamp borders, and occasionally on upland sites; FACW. Grows to 65 feet; sun to part sun in moist to wet acid soils; intolerant of shade, heat, polluted areas and of dry, shallow chalky soils, but adapts to sites slightly drier than natural habitat. Commonly available.

Ledum groenlandicum

Labrador-tea - wetter sites with low subsurface water flow and low nutrients; poorly drained habitats such as boreal forests, open conifer bogs, treeless bogs, wooded swamps, wet barrens, and peatlands; OBL. Shrub to 3 feet with white flowers in early summer; sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic organic soils, peat and muck. Flood tolerant. Also known as Rhododendron groenlandicum. Several sources.

Leiophyllum buxifolium

Sand-myrtle - dry sandy barrens and thin moist mountain woods; FACU. Shrub to 3 feet with whitish-pink flowers in late spring to early summer; part shade in moist, acid sandy peaty soil. Does not tolerate drought. Possibly extirpated in Pennsylvania. Very few sources.

Leucothoe racemosa

Fetter-bush - swamps and moist thickets, shrub-free bogs, along marshy stream banks and forest edges. An important shrub species in palustrine wetlands with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils; FACW. Grows to10 feet with white to pink flowers in late spring to early summer; part shade on moist, sandy acidic loam. . Also known as Eubotrys racemosa. Very few sources.

Lindera benzoin

Spicebush - moist sites in wooded bottomlands, ravines, valleys and along streams; found in many regional ecosystems; FACW-. Grows to 10 feet with yellow flowers in early spring; average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade, pH 4.5 to 6.5. Fall color is best in sunny areas. Tolerates full shade. Leaves used to make a mildly spicy herbal tea, hence the name. Commonly available.

Linnaea borealis var. americana

Twinflower - cool, dry to moist forests and woodlands, especially coniferous, in sandy acidic loam, and humus-rich swamps and barrens; FAC. Trailing subshrub with pinkish-white flowers in spring; part shade to shade in moist to wet cool acidic humus. Low drought tolerance. pH 4-6. Very few sources.

Liriodendron tulipifera

Tuliptree - rich woodlands on hills, bluffs and low mountains; FACU. Grows to 150 feet with creamy-white flowers in spring; moist, organically rich, well-drained loams in full sun. Tolerates part shade. Commonly available.

Lonicera canadensis

Fly honeysuckle - cool, dry to moist woods upland woods, thickets, swamps, fens and sometimes along streams; FACU. Grows to 5 feet with pale yellow flowers in late spring to early summer. Part sun to part shade in moist sandy organic loam. Very few sources.

Lonicera villosa

Water-berry - bogs, swamps, wet thickets, swamps, treed fens and stream banks. Shrub to 3 feet with pale yellow flowers in late spring to early summer; sun to part sun in moist to wet organic loam. Very few sources.

Lyonia ligustrina

Maleberry - low, alluvial woods and thickets, wet meadows, bogs, and lakeshores; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet with white flowers in late spring; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy clay organic loam. Very few sources.

Magnolia tripetala

Umbrella-tree - rich woods and ravines, mainly in uplands, rarely on the coastal plain; FACU. Grows to 30 feet with large white flowers in late spring; part shade in most, rich acidic, well drained sandy loam. Very few sources.

Malus coronaria var. coronaria

Sweet crabapple - open woods, woodland edges and stream banks. Grows to 35 feet with pinkish-white flowers in spring; part shade in moist, well drained humusy soil. Fruit very tart and acidic. Very few sources.

Myrica gale

Sweet-gale - bogs, shallow water of lake and stream edges; OBL. Shrub to 5 feet with yellowish-green flowers in late spring; sun to part sun in wet to moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Myrica pensylvanica

Bayberry - old fields, sand dunes, open woods in dry to moist sterile, sandy soils; FAC. Grows to 6 feet with yellowish-green flowers in late spring; sun to part sun in dry to moist sandy clay loam. Prefers moist, peaty or sandy, acidic soils, but tolerates a wide range of soils and growing conditions. Groups of plants need at least one male plant to pollinate female plants for fruit. Fruits have waxy coating used to make traditional bayberry candles. AKA Morella pensylvanica. Commonly available.

Nyssa sylvatica

Sourgum or Black gum - dry to middle and upper slopes and ridgetops, FAC. Grows to 100 feet; average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, acidic soils. Tolerates poorly-drained soils and can grow in standing water; tolerates some drought and adapts to some dryish soils. Can spread by sucker growth. Commonly available.

Ostrya virginiana

Hop-hornbeam - moist, open to forested hillsides to dry upland slopes and ridges, occasionally on moist, well-drained flood plains; FACU. Grows to 65 feet; average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Commonly available.

Physocarpus opulifolius

Ninebark - wet woods, moist cliffs, sandy or rocky stream banks, gravel bars and moist thickets; FACW- . Shrub to 10 feet with white to pink flowers in late spring; sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained soil. Tolerates wide range of soil conditions. pH 5.1 to 6.5. Commonly available.

Picea mariana

Black spruce - bottomlands, peat bogs and dry peatlands, swamps, muskegs and transitional sites between peatlands and uplands; FACU-. To 65 feet; sun to shade in mesic to wet acidic humusy soils. Shallow root system makes this tree susceptible to wind throw. Commonly available.

Picea rubens

Red spruce - cool upland to sub alpine forests in climates with cool, moist summers and cold winters; on steep, rocky slopes with thin soils, and wet bottomlands; often on sites unfavorable for other species such as organic soils overlying rocks in mountainous locales; FACU. Grows to 100 feet on soils developed from glacial deposits especially from parent materials of unsorted glacial drift and till deposited on the midslopes of hills and mountains with thick mor humus. Very few sources, among them a named variety 'Pocono.'

Pinus resinosa

Red pine or Norway pine - dry slopes and mountaintops and sandy soils in boreal forests; FACU. Grows to 120 feet; well-drained, dry to moist acidic to neutral soils in full to part sun. Tolerates poor soils. Commonly available.

Pinus rigida

Pitch pine - upland or lowland, sterile, dry to boggy acidic forests and barrens; FACU. Grows to 100 feet; dry, thin, infertile, and sandy or gravelly soils, ranging from rapidly draining to swampy limestone and sandstone. Very few sources.

Pinus strobus

Eastern white pine - mesic to dry sites ranging from wet bogs and moist stream bottoms to xeric sand plains and rocky ridges, especially on northerly aspects and in coves; FACU. Grows to 130 feet; average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun. Prefers full sun, fairly infertile sandy soils, such as well-drained outwash soils, in cool, humid climates with little hardwood competition. Tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions. Intolerant of many air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and ozone. Commonly available.

Pinus virginiana

Virginia pine - dry uplands, sterile sandy or shaly barrens, old fields, and lower mountains; barrens slopes and ridgetops. Grows to 48 feet; full sun in sandy loam; will grow in poor, dry soils including clay. Several sources.

Platanus occidentalis

Sycamore - alluvial soils near streams and lakes and in moist ravines, sometimes on uplands and sometimes on limestone soils; cultivated in parks and gardens and as a street tree; FACW-. Grows to 160 feet; average, medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates light shade. Prefers rich, humusy, consistently moist soils. Generally tolerant of most urban pollutants. Commonly available.

Populus balsamifera

Balsam poplar - river floodplains, stream and lake shores, moist depressions, and swamps, but will also grow on drier sites; FACW. Grows to 100 feet; alluvial gravel, deep sand, clay loam, silt, and silty loam with abundant soil moisture is needed. Several sources.

Populus grandidentata

Bigtooth aspen - floodplains, gently rolling terrain, and lower slopes of uplands; FACU. Grows to 80 feet; light sandy loams, sands, and loamy sands above pH 4.0. Very few sources.

Populus tremuloides

Quaking aspen - moist upland woods, dry mountainsides, high plateaus, talus slopes, gentle slopes near valley bottoms, alluvial terraces, and along watercourses. Grows to 65 feet; soils ranging from shallow and rocky to deep loamy sands and heavy clays. Prefers sites that are well drained, loamy, and high in organic matter and nutrients. Commonly available.

Potentilla fruticosa

Shrubby cinquefoil - damp rocky ground, usually on limestone; FACW. Grows to 3 feet with bright yellow flowers, early summer through frost; well-drained, reasonably rich soil, but will tolerate clay, rocky, or slightly alkaline soils. Several sources.

Prunus americana

Wild plum - riparian areas, but also moist to dry open to wooded prairie ravines, pastures, roadsides, fencerows, ditch banks, and natural drainage areas; FACU. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet with white flowers in spring; average, dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Control spreading with sucker removal. Fruit used to make jams and jellies. Commonly available.

Prunus pensylvanica

Pin cherry - areas characterized as water-shedding (rocky ridges, cliffs, dry woods, clearings) or water-receiving (sandy and gravelly banks, shores of rivers and lakes); FACU-. Shrub or tree to 40 feet with white flowers in spring; somewhat dry sites and shallow organic layers relatively low in nutrients. Soils very low in moisture may result in a shrub form of pin cherry. Several sources.

Prunus pumila

Sand cherry - open habitats with little shade from trees or other shrubs, typically along edges of openings or in stands where canopy closure has not occurred. Sites are typically dry and excessively drained. Shrub to 5 feet with white flowers in spring; sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils, dunes, beaches, and outwash plains. Very few sources.

Prunus serotina

Wild black cherry - mesic woods and second-growth hardwood forests and old fields, especially on the Allegheny Plateau, on nearly all soil types. Prefers middle and lower slopes of eastern and northern exposures than the dry soils associated with south- or west-facing slopes; FACU. Grows to 100 feet with white flowers in spring; average, medium-moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best in moist, fertile loams in full sun. Fruits used to make wines, jelly. Commonly available.

Prunus virginiana

Choke cherry - very acid to moderately alkaline, well-drained limestone residuum soil with pH ranging from 3.5 to 7.6, often in oak-pine forests; FACU. Grows 3 to 20 feet with white flowers in spring; sun to shade in dry to moist circumneutral limestone-based sandy loam; intolerant of poor drainage and prolonged flooding. Commonly available.

Quercus alba

White oak - moist to fairly dry deciduous forests, usually on deeper, well-drained loams but sometimes on thin soils of dry upland slopes and sometimes on barrens; FACU. Grows to 100 feet.; rich, moist, acidic, well-drained loams in full sun. Adapts to a wide variety of soil conditions with good drought tolerance. Natural hybrid with Q. prinus is Saul oak. Commonly available.

Quercus bicolor

Swamp white oak - low swamp forests, moist slopes, poorly drained uplands; FACW+. Grows to 100 feet; average, medium to wet, acidic soil in full sun. Commonly available.

Quercus coccinea

Scarlet oak - poor soils of well-drained uplands, dry slopes and ridges, but sometimes on poorly drained sites. Grows to 100 feet; average, dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun. Prefers dry, acidic, sandy soils. Commonly available.

Quercus falcata

Southern red oak i- dry, upland sites, often on south- and west-facing slopes or on dry ridgetops; FACU-. Grows to 80 feet; sandy, loamy, or clay soils, most commonly on red clay and glacial soils; does well on calcareous soils. Very few sources.

Quercus ilicifolia

Scrub oak - dry thickets and barrens in sandy, rocky, well-drained, nutrient-poor soils. Shrub to 15 feet; sun to part sun in dry to mesic, acidic sandy or gravelly soils. Very few sources.

Quercus palustris

Pin oak - poorly drained clay soils in bottomlands intermittently flooded during dormancy but not during the growing season, such as clay flats, depressions where water accumulates in winter, and clay ridges of first bottoms. Prefers level or near level moist uplands such as glacial till plains; FACW; average, medium to wet, acidic soils in full sun. Prefers moist loams. Tolerates poorly drained soils and some flooding. Commonly available.

Quercus prinoides

Dwarf chestnut oak - dry rocky soils, such as sandstone or shale outcrops associated with oak pine types. Shrub to 12 feet; part shade to shade in dry sandy loam. Very few sources.

Quercus prinus

Chestnut oak - rocky, xeric upland forest, dry ridges, mixed deciduous forests on shallow soils usually on south and west-facing upper slopes; FACW. Grows to 80 feet; dry, rocky, infertile soil with a low moisture-holding capacity, although can grow best in rich, well-drained soils along streams; ridge dominance is suggested by its ability to withstand drought. Several sources.

Quercus rubra

Northern red oak - rich mesic slopes and well-drained uplands, occasionally on dry slopes or poorly drained uplands, sandy plains, rock outcrops, and the edges of floodplains, usually on north and east facing slopes. Often found in lower and middle slopes, in coves, ravines and on valley floors; FACU-. Grows to 100 feet; average, dry to medium moisture, acidic soil in full sun. Prefers deep fertile, sandy, finely-textured soils, well drained with good drainage and a relatively high water table. Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials including glacial outwash, sandstone, shale, limestone, gneiss, schist, or granite. Commonly available.

Quercus stellata

Post oak - dry, xeric uplands with southerly or westerly exposure, terraces of smaller streams in well-drained soil, dry gravelly and sandy ridges, dry clays, prairies and limestone hills, woodlands and deciduous forests; UPL. Grows to 100 feet; rich, moist, acidic, well-drained coarse-textured loams in full sun. Adapts to a wide variety of soil conditions from poor dry sandy soils to moist heavy loams, especially where a heavy clay subsurface layer is within a foot of the surface or bedrock is within two or three feet. Also grows in deep sands and dry clay hills. Prefers acidic soils. Good drought tolerance. Very few sources.

Quercus velutina

Black oak - xeric slopes and upland areas, especially with southerly or westerly facing slopes, occasionally on sandy lowlands and poorly drained uplands and terraces. Grows to 100 feet; moist, rich, well-drained sites, but sensitive to competition on these sites and is more often found on dry, nutrient-poor, coarse-textured soils, especially sandy or gravelly sites or heavy glacial clay hillsides. Several sources.

Rhamnus alnifolia

Alder-leaved buckthorn - fens, calcareous marshes and wet thickets; OBL. Shrub to 3 feet with greenish flowers in late spring; moist to wet rich organic loam, full to part sun. Very few sources.

Rhododendron canadense

Rhodora - bogs, wet places with infertile, acidic soil, FACW. To 3 feet, with rose to purple flowers in spring; sun to part shade in mesic to wet cold acidic peaty soil. Very few sources.

Rhododendron maximum

Rosebay - dry to moist woods, swamps, stream banks. FAC; to 16 feet with creamy white flowers in early summer; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist acid sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 6. Forms vast woodland and woods edge colonies; manage as with any hybrid rhododendron. Several sources.

Rhododendron periclymenoides

Pinxter-flower - mixed deciduous forests along stream bottoms, bogs, shaded mountainsides and ravines, FAC. Grows to 10 feet with white to pink flowers in spring; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist, well-drained acid soils in cool, moist locations. Best in acidic, humusy, organically rich, medium moisture, moisture-retentive but well-drained soils in part shade; pH 4.5 to 5.5. Very few sources.

Rhododendron periclymenoides x prinophyllum

Azalea - woods, thickets, swamp margins. Grows to 10 feet with white or pink flowers in spring; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist acid sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 5.5.White or pink flowers in spring. A natural hybrid. Very few sources.

Rhododendron prinophyllum

Mountain azalea - dry to moist woods thickets, rocky slopes; FAC. Grows to 10 feet with white to pink flowers in spring; part shade in rich humusy, acidic, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade.. Several sources.

Rhododendron viscosum

Swamp azalea - swamps, bogs, stream margins and thickets; FACW+. Grows to 10 feet; part shade in moist to wet acidic silty loam. Flood tolerant. White flowers in spring. Commonly available.

Rhus copallina

Shining sumac - hillsides, open woods, glades, fields and along the margins of roadsides. Grows to 20 feet; full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils. Several sources.

Rhus glabra

Smooth sumac - open woodlands, prairies, dry rocky hillsides, canyons, and protected ravines. Grows to 15 feet; full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils. Commonly available.

Rhus typhina

Staghorn sumac - old fields, roadsides, woods edges. Shrub or small tree to 30 feet; full sun to part shade in dry to medium, well-drained soils. Intolerant of poorly drained soils. Commonly available.

Ribes americanum

Wild black currant - moist woods, marshes and thickets; FACW. Grows to 6 feet with yellow flowers in spring; sun to shade in moist circumneutral soil. Caution: it carries a disease that kills white pine. Very few sources.

Ribes cynosbati

Prickly gooseberry - thin, moist rocky woods. Grows to 6 feet; part sun to part shade in moist rich loam. Yellow flowers; fruit: dull red to purple. Very few sources.

Ribes hirtellum

Northern wild gooseberry - moist, rocky woods; cliffs; bogs and fens, Calcareous marshes, swamps; FAC. Shrub grows 2 to 4 feet with yellow flowers and dull red fruit; sun to shade in mesic to moist rocky circumneutral soils. Carries disease that kills white pine. Very few sources.

Ribes lacustre

Bristly black currant - mountain streamsides, wet meadows, forests and cool wet woodlands, swamps; FACW. Grows 3 to 4 feet with green flowers and black fruit; sun to shade in mesic to moist rocky circumneutral soils. Carries disease which kills white pine. Very few sources.

Robinia pseudoacacia

Black locust - open woods on moist slopes and floodplains with a high probability of flooding in any given year, with pH minimum of 4.0; FACU-. Grows to 80 feet; rich, moist, limestone-derived soils; intolerant of heavy or poorly drained soils, although tolerant of periodic flooding. pH 4.0 to 8.2. Commonly available.

Rosa blanda

Meadow rose - dry, open woods, hillsides, prairies, roadsides. Shrub to 6 feet with pink flowers in early summer; full sun in dry rocky soils. Several sources.

Rosa carolina

Pasture rose - dry, rocky or sandy fields and meadows; UPL. Shrub to 3 feet with pink flowers in early summer; sun to part sun in moist to wet well-drained sandy soil; best flowering and disease resistance in full sun with good air circulation and mulch. Use as a native alternative to the invasive muliflora rose. Commonly available.

Rosa palustris

Swamp rose - swamps; wet thickets; marshy shores of streams, ponds and lakes; OBL. Shrub, to 6 feet with pink flowers in summer; sun to part shade in moist to wet rich soil. Commonly available.

Rosa virginiana

Wild rose - thickets, meadows, pastures, open woods, usually in a moist soil; FAC. Shrub to 6 feet with pink flowers in summer; sun to part sun in dry to mesic rich loam. Use as a native alternative to the invasive multiflora rose. Commonly available.

Rubus allegheniensis

Allegheny blackberry - old fields, open woods, clearings; FACU. Stems to 6 feet with white flowers followed by black fruit; sun to part shade in mesic sandy loam, pH 4.5 to 7.5. Very few sources.

Rubus canadensis

Smooth blackberry - cool moist woods, rocky slopes, thickets. Stems 3 to 10 feet with white flowers followed by black fruit; part sun to part shade in moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Rubus flagellaris

Prickly dewberry - rocky to shaly slopes and cliffs and in fields; FACU. Stems prostrate and rooting at tips, with white flowers becoming black fruits; part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Rubus hispidus

Swamp dewberry - bogs, swamps, moist woods, thickets and barrens; FACW. Trailing stems that root at tips with white flowers becoming black fruits; part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Rubus idaeus var. strigosus

Red raspberry - rocky woods, clearings and thickets; FAC-. Stems to 6 feet with white flowers becoming red fruit; part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Rubus occidentalis

Black-cap raspberry - open woods; bluffs; thickets; stream banks; wet meadows, roadsides and pastures. Stems 3 to 6 feet with white flowers becoming black fruits; part sun to part shade in dry to moist sandy loam. Very few sources.

Rubus odoratus

Purple-flowering raspberry - moist, shaded cliffs, ledges and rocky wooded slopes. Stems 3 to 6 feet with purple to maroon flowers becoming black fruit; full sun to part shade in mesic sandy loam. Several sources.

Salix bebbiana

Long-beaked willow - Upland deciduous woods, moist to dry thickets and edges; ideally in recent deposits of alluvial silts and gravels along waterways or in silted-in, abandoned beaver ponds; FACW-. Shrub or tree to 32 feet; sun to shade in mesic to moist silty loam. Short-lived and fast-growing. Susceptible to insect, disease, and wind damage. Several sources.

Salix discolor

Pussy willow - Swamps and moist or wet woods; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet; sun to part sun in moist silty circumneutral loams. Short-lived and fast-growing; cut back heavily every few years to encourage vigorous new growth. Commonly available.

Salix eriocephala

Diamond willow - banks of large streams, flood plains, wet meadows, shores and bottomlands; FACW+. Shrub to 20 feet; sun to part sun in moist to wet sandy loam. Short-lived and fast-growing. Very few sources.

Salix exigua

Sandbar willow - open to dense riparian communities along streams, gravel bars, lakeshores, and ditches; OBL. Shrub or small tree to 30 feet; sun to part shade in moist to wet sandy gravelly loam. Favorable for stream stabilization because of profuse suckering. Commonly available.

Salix humilis

Upland willow - moist barrens and dry thickets; FACU. Shrub to 10 feet; two local varieties: humilis and tristis; sun to part sun in mesic to moist loamy or sandy soil. Insert stems in the ground where they take root to form new stands. More drought tolerant than other willows. Very few sources.

Salix lucida ssp. lucida

Shining willow - wet soils, especially in and near swamps, marshes, peat bogs and on sand banks along creeks; FACW. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet; sun to part sun in moist to wet circumneutral clayey or silty loam. Prefers poor drainage. Very few sources.

Salix nigra

Black willow - less sandy and wetter river margins, swamps, sloughs, swales, gullies, and drainage ditches; FACW+. Grows to 65 feet; fine moist to wet silt or clay, especially in saturated or poorly drained soil from which other hardwoods are excluded, with pH above 4.5. Not drought tolerant. Commonly available.

Salix sericea

Silky willow - swamps, bogs, stream banks and low woods; OBL. Shrub to 15 feet; sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic sandy or clayey loam. Very few sources.

Sambucus canadensis

American elder - woods, fields, stream banks, moist fields and swamps; FACW. Shrub to 10 feet with white flowers in early summer and purple fruit in late summer; average, medium to wet well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, humusy soils. Spreads by root suckers to form colonies. Commonly available.

Sambucus racemosa var. pubens

Red-berried elder - stream banks, ravines, swamps, moist forest clearings and higher ground near wetlands; FACU. Shrub to 10 feet with white flowers in late spring becoming red fruit; sun to part sun in moist, well drained humusy soils. Commonly available.

Sassafras albidum

Sassafras - open woods on moist, well-drained, sandy loam soils, dry ridges and upper slopes, fencerows and old fields; FACU-. Grows to 65 feet; average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, acidic, sandy-loamy soils, pH 6.0 to 7.0. Tolerates dry, sandy soils. Can be aggressive, especially following disturbance such as fire. Familiar for sassafras tea, now considered mildly carcinogenic as well as the primary ingredient in the Cajun seasoning filé. Commonly available.

Sorbus americana

American mountain-ash - Swamp borders, rocky hillsides, woodland edges, and roadsides; FACU. Grows to 32 feet in newly-formed mineral-rich soils to shallow and infertile soils in cool, windy, and humid conditions. Commonly available.

Sorbus decora

Showy mountain-ash - wet to mesic woods, cool moist rocky slopes, lake shores; FAC. Grows to 35 feet; part shade to shade in moist, circumneutral, poor to well-drained mesic to wet soil. Commonly available.

Spiraea alba

Meadow-sweet - wet prairies, especially open ground along streams, lakes and bogs, and moist meadows; FACW+. Grows to 6 feet with white to pink flowers in late summer; sun to part shade in mesic to wet, well-drained soil. Prefers full sun; soil should not be allowed to dry out. Commonly available.

Spiraea tomentosa

Hardhack or Steeplebush - meadows, old fields, pastures, bogs and swamps; FACU-. Grows to 3 feet with white to pink flowers in summer; sun to part sun in mesic to moist moderately acid soil. Commonly available.

Staphylea trifolia

Bladdernut - bottomlands, woodland thickets and moist soils along streams, FAC. Grows to 15 feet with white flowers in late spring; part shade to shade in dry to mesic sandy loam, but prefers a moist soil. pH 6.1 to 8. Several sources.

Taxus canadensis

Canadian yew - cool moist rocky slopes or ravines under mixed coniferous (rarely deciduous) forest canopy. Declining because of deer browsing; FAC. Shrub to 5 feet; sun to part shade in mesic to moist sandy circumneutral loam. Needs protection from winter sun and wind. Very few sources.

Tilia americana var. americana

Basswood - rich uplands on mid-slopes in mixed deciduous forests and occasionally swamps, FACU. Grows to 130 feet in sandy loams to silt loams; prefers moist to mesic, finer textured, well-drained loams. Generally intolerant of air pollution and urban conditions. Commonly available.

Toxicodendron vernix

Poison sumac - wet soil of swamps, bogs, seepage slopes, and frequently flooded areas; in shady hardwood forests; OBL. Grows to16 feet. Not a suitable landscape plant. All parts, in all seasons, will cause severe skin irritation if plant sap contacted. Very few sources.

Tsuga canadensis

Canada hemlock- moist rocky ridges and hillsides, cool moist valleys, flats and ravines, especially on northern and eastern facing slopes, and swamp borders if peat and muck soils are shallow, usually above 1,200 feet; FACU. Grows to 100 feet; average, medium, well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. Prefers acidic cool, moist, humid conditions with good drainage; textures include sandy loams, loamy sands, and silty loams with gravel of glacial origin in the upper profile. Intolerant of drought and should be watered regularly in prolonged dry spells, particularly when young. Best sited in a location protected from strong winds. Currently under attack by Adelges tsugae (wooly adegid), a pest from Japan; once infected, a tree is usually dead within a few years. Commonly available.

Ulmus americana

American elm - alluvial woods, swamp forests, deciduous woodlands, fencerows, pastures, old fields, waste areas; FACW-. Grows to 130 feet; average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of light shade. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. Generally tolerant of urban conditions and often planted as a street tree. Once a very common species, it fell victim to a fungus imported from Europe. Commonly available.

Ulmus rubra

Red elm or slippery elm - moist rich soils on lower slopes, alluvial flood plains, stream banks, riverbanks and river terraces, and wooded bottom lands, sometimes on drier, limestone-origin sites; FAC-. Grows to 65 feet; average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of light shade. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. Generally tolerant of urban conditions. Very few sources.

Vaccinium angustifolium

Low sweet blueberry - dry woods and barrens, acidic soils; FACU. Grows to 30 inches with white flowers in spring and dark blue fruit in late summer; part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Several sources.

Vaccinium corymbosum

Highbush blueberry - dry to wet woods, thickets, stream banks, bogs in acidic soil; FACW-. Grows to 10 feet with white flowers in spring and dark blue fruit in late summer; sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy organic loam. Parent plant of almost all hybrid blueberries. Several sources.

Vaccinium macrocarpon

American cranberry - peaty woodlands, seepy areas and sphagnum bogs; OBL. Trailing shrub with white flowers in spring and the familiar red cranberry in late summer; sun to part shade in damp, acidic (pH 4.0-5.2), organically rich, well-drained soil in full sun. Several sources.

Vaccinium myrtilloides

Sour-top blueberry - wet thickets and barrens; FAC. Shrub to 30 inches with greenish-white flowers in spring and dark blue fruit in late summer; sun to part shade in moist acidic sandy loam. Very few sources.

Vaccinium oxycoccos

Small cranberry - bogs, especially in cool areas; OBL. Trailing shrub with white flowers in spring followed by red fruit; sun to part shade in moist to wet acidic sandy loam. Very few sources.

Vaccinium pallidum

Lowbush blueberry - dry, rocky hillsides, upland ridges, rocky outcrops and ledges, sandy knolls, shale barrens and upland swamps. Shrub to 3 feet with white flowers in spring and dark blue-purple fruit in late summer; part sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Very few sources.

Vaccinium stamineum

Deerberry - dry woods, openings, barrens and clearings. FACU. Shrub to 6 feet with white flowers and spring and green fruit when ripe in late summer; part sun to part shade in mesic sandy clay loam. Very few sources.

Viburnum acerifolium

Maple-leaved viburnum - upland forests, woodlands, ravine slopes and hillsides in well-drained, moist soils; particularly tolerant of acid soils; UPL. Shrub to 6 feet with white flowers in spring; part sun to part shade in mesic to moist rich sandy loam; pH 5.1 to 6. Several sources.

Viburnum cassinoides

Witherod - swamps, moist upland woods and clearings and exposed rock crevices; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet with white flowers in spring; full sun to part shade in well-drained moist loams, but tolerates a wide range of soils including boggy ones. Commonly available.

Viburnum lantanoides

Hobblebush - rich, moist acidic woods, stream banks, ravines and swamps; FAC. Shrub to 6 feet with white to pink flowers in late spring; part sun to part shade in moist sandy loam. Trailing stems take root where they touch the ground, creating hazards for walkers, hence the name. Nectar host for spring azure butterflies. Very few sources.

Viburnum lentago

Nannyberry - woods, swamps and thickets with rich, moist soil; FAC. Shrub to 15 feet with white flowers in spring; part sun to part shade in average, medium, well-drained soil; prefers mostly gravelly sandy loam. Commonly available.

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

Highbush cranberry - swampy woods, bogs, lake margins, pastures, thickets, slopes and moist low places; FACW. Shrub to 15 feet with white flowers in spring; full sun to part shade in moist to wet circumneutral (but not limestone) well-drained soil. Prefers loams with consistent moisture, but tolerates a wide range of soils. Also known as Viburnum trilobum. Commonly available.

Viburnum prunifolium

Black-haw - successional woods, thickets, old fields, roadsides; FACU. Shrub or small tree to 25 feet with white flowers in spring; sun to part shade in dry to mesic sandy loam. Tolerates drought. Commonly available.

Viburnum rafinesquianum

Downy arrow-wood - rocky woods, old fields, dry slopes and banks. Shrub to 5 feet with white flowers in spring; part sun to part shade in dry to mesic rocky sandy loam. White flowers in spring. Very few sources.

Viburnum recognitum

Northern arrow-wood - swamps, boggy woods, wet pastures, stream banks; FACW-. Shrub to 15 feet with white flowers in spring; part shade to shade in moist, humusy well-drained acidic loam. Very few sources.

Species that appear to be unavailable

Amelanchier bartramiana (Mountain juneberry)

Amelanchier intermedia (Shadbush)

Amelanchier obovalis (Coastal juneberry)

Crataegus flabellata (Fanleaf hawthorn)

Crataegus intricata (Biltmore hawthorn)

Crataegus pruinosa (Frosted hawthorn)

Ilex beadlei (Mountain holly)

Ilex laevigata (Smooth winterberry)

Quercus prinoides (Dwarf chestnut oak)

Rhamnus alnifolia (Alder-leaved buckthorn)

Ribes americanum (Wild black currant)

Ribes glandulosum (Skunk currant)

Ribes rotundifolium (Wild gooseberry)

Rubus enslenii (Southern dewberry)

Rubus pensilvanicus (Blackberry)

Rubus pubescens (Dwarf blackberry)

Rubus recurvicaulis (Dewberry)

Rubus setosus (Bristly blackberry)

Salix candida (Hoary willow)

Spiraea alba x latifolia (Meadow-sweet)